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如何使用java.net.URLConnection来触发和处理HTTP请求

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在这里经常使用java.net.URLConnectionOracle tutorial对它来说过于简洁 .

该教程基本上只显示了如何触发GET请求并读取响应 . 它没有解释如何使用它来执行POST请求,设置请求标头,读取响应标头,处理cookie,提交HTML表单,上传文件等 .

那么,我如何使用 java.net.URLConnection 来触发和处理"advanced" HTTP请求?

11 回答

  • 49

    受到关于SO的这个问题和其他问题的启发,我创建了一个最小的开源basic-http-client,它体现了这里发现的大部分技术 .

    google-http-java-client也是一个很好的开源资源 .

  • 19

    我也对这种反应非常鼓舞 .

    我经常在我需要做一些HTTP的项目上,我可能不想引入很多第三方依赖(带来其他依赖等等)

    我开始根据这些对话开始编写我自己的实用程序(不是任何完成的地方):

    package org.boon.utils;
    
    
    import java.io.IOException;
    import java.io.InputStream;
    import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
    import java.net.URL;
    import java.net.URLConnection;
    import java.util.Map;
    
    import static org.boon.utils.IO.read;
    
    public class HTTP {
    

    然后只有一堆或静态方法 .

    public static String get(
            final String url) {
    
        Exceptions.tryIt(() -> {
            URLConnection connection;
            connection = doGet(url, null, null, null);
            return extractResponseString(connection);
        });
        return null;
    }
    
    public static String getWithHeaders(
            final String url,
            final Map<String, ? extends Object> headers) {
        URLConnection connection;
        try {
            connection = doGet(url, headers, null, null);
            return extractResponseString(connection);
        } catch (Exception ex) {
            Exceptions.handle(ex);
            return null;
        }
    }
    
    public static String getWithContentType(
            final String url,
            final Map<String, ? extends Object> headers,
            String contentType) {
        URLConnection connection;
        try {
            connection = doGet(url, headers, contentType, null);
            return extractResponseString(connection);
        } catch (Exception ex) {
            Exceptions.handle(ex);
            return null;
        }
    }
    public static String getWithCharSet(
            final String url,
            final Map<String, ? extends Object> headers,
            String contentType,
            String charSet) {
        URLConnection connection;
        try {
            connection = doGet(url, headers, contentType, charSet);
            return extractResponseString(connection);
        } catch (Exception ex) {
            Exceptions.handle(ex);
            return null;
        }
    }
    

    然后发布...

    public static String postBody(
            final String url,
            final String body) {
        URLConnection connection;
        try {
            connection = doPost(url, null, "text/plain", null, body);
            return extractResponseString(connection);
        } catch (Exception ex) {
            Exceptions.handle(ex);
            return null;
        }
    }
    
    public static String postBodyWithHeaders(
            final String url,
            final Map<String, ? extends Object> headers,
            final String body) {
        URLConnection connection;
        try {
            connection = doPost(url, headers, "text/plain", null, body);
            return extractResponseString(connection);
        } catch (Exception ex) {
            Exceptions.handle(ex);
            return null;
        }
    }
    
    
    
    public static String postBodyWithContentType(
            final String url,
            final Map<String, ? extends Object> headers,
            final String contentType,
            final String body) {
    
        URLConnection connection;
        try {
            connection = doPost(url, headers, contentType, null, body);
    
    
            return extractResponseString(connection);
    
    
        } catch (Exception ex) {
            Exceptions.handle(ex);
            return null;
        }
    
    
    }
    
    
    public static String postBodyWithCharset(
            final String url,
            final Map<String, ? extends Object> headers,
            final String contentType,
            final String charSet,
            final String body) {
    
        URLConnection connection;
        try {
            connection = doPost(url, headers, contentType, charSet, body);
    
    
            return extractResponseString(connection);
    
    
        } catch (Exception ex) {
            Exceptions.handle(ex);
            return null;
        }
    
    
    }
    
    private static URLConnection doPost(String url, Map<String, ? extends Object> headers,
                                        String contentType, String charset, String body
                                        ) throws IOException {
        URLConnection connection;/* Handle output. */
        connection = new URL(url).openConnection();
        connection.setDoOutput(true);
        manageContentTypeHeaders(contentType, charset, connection);
    
        manageHeaders(headers, connection);
    
    
        IO.write(connection.getOutputStream(), body, IO.CHARSET);
        return connection;
    }
    
    private static void manageHeaders(Map<String, ? extends Object> headers, URLConnection connection) {
        if (headers != null) {
            for (Map.Entry<String, ? extends Object> entry : headers.entrySet()) {
                connection.setRequestProperty(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue().toString());
            }
        }
    }
    
    private static void manageContentTypeHeaders(String contentType, String charset, URLConnection connection) {
        connection.setRequestProperty("Accept-Charset", charset == null ? IO.CHARSET : charset);
        if (contentType!=null && !contentType.isEmpty()) {
            connection.setRequestProperty("Content-Type", contentType);
        }
    }
    
    private static URLConnection doGet(String url, Map<String, ? extends Object> headers,
                                        String contentType, String charset) throws IOException {
        URLConnection connection;/* Handle output. */
        connection = new URL(url).openConnection();
        manageContentTypeHeaders(contentType, charset, connection);
    
        manageHeaders(headers, connection);
    
        return connection;
    }
    
    private static String extractResponseString(URLConnection connection) throws IOException {
    /* Handle input. */
        HttpURLConnection http = (HttpURLConnection)connection;
        int status = http.getResponseCode();
        String charset = getCharset(connection.getHeaderField("Content-Type"));
    
        if (status==200) {
            return readResponseBody(http, charset);
        } else {
            return readErrorResponseBody(http, status, charset);
        }
    }
    
    private static String readErrorResponseBody(HttpURLConnection http, int status, String charset) {
        InputStream errorStream = http.getErrorStream();
        if ( errorStream!=null ) {
            String error = charset== null ? read( errorStream ) :
                read( errorStream, charset );
            throw new RuntimeException("STATUS CODE =" + status + "\n\n" + error);
        } else {
            throw new RuntimeException("STATUS CODE =" + status);
        }
    }
    
    private static String readResponseBody(HttpURLConnection http, String charset) throws IOException {
        if (charset != null) {
            return read(http.getInputStream(), charset);
        } else {
            return read(http.getInputStream());
        }
    }
    
    private static String getCharset(String contentType) {
        if (contentType==null)  {
            return null;
        }
        String charset = null;
        for (String param : contentType.replace(" ", "").split(";")) {
            if (param.startsWith("charset=")) {
                charset = param.split("=", 2)[1];
                break;
            }
        }
        charset = charset == null ?  IO.CHARSET : charset;
    
        return charset;
    }
    

    反正你懂这个意思....

    以下是测试:

    static class MyHandler implements HttpHandler {
        public void handle(HttpExchange t) throws IOException {
    
            InputStream requestBody = t.getRequestBody();
            String body = IO.read(requestBody);
            Headers requestHeaders = t.getRequestHeaders();
            body = body + "\n" + copy(requestHeaders).toString();
            t.sendResponseHeaders(200, body.length());
            OutputStream os = t.getResponseBody();
            os.write(body.getBytes());
            os.close();
        }
    }
    
    
    @Test
    public void testHappy() throws Exception {
    
        HttpServer server = HttpServer.create(new InetSocketAddress(9212), 0);
        server.createContext("/test", new MyHandler());
        server.setExecutor(null); // creates a default executor
        server.start();
    
        Thread.sleep(10);
    
    
        Map<String,String> headers = map("foo", "bar", "fun", "sun");
    
        String response = HTTP.postBodyWithContentType("http://localhost:9212/test", headers, "text/plain", "hi mom");
    
        System.out.println(response);
    
        assertTrue(response.contains("hi mom"));
        assertTrue(response.contains("Fun=[sun], Foo=[bar]"));
    
    
        response = HTTP.postBodyWithCharset("http://localhost:9212/test", headers, "text/plain", "UTF-8", "hi mom");
    
        System.out.println(response);
    
        assertTrue(response.contains("hi mom"));
        assertTrue(response.contains("Fun=[sun], Foo=[bar]"));
    
        response = HTTP.postBodyWithHeaders("http://localhost:9212/test", headers, "hi mom");
    
        System.out.println(response);
    
        assertTrue(response.contains("hi mom"));
        assertTrue(response.contains("Fun=[sun], Foo=[bar]"));
    
    
        response = HTTP.get("http://localhost:9212/test");
    
        System.out.println(response);
    
    
        response = HTTP.getWithHeaders("http://localhost:9212/test", headers);
    
        System.out.println(response);
    
        assertTrue(response.contains("Fun=[sun], Foo=[bar]"));
    
    
    
        response = HTTP.getWithContentType("http://localhost:9212/test", headers, "text/plain");
    
        System.out.println(response);
    
        assertTrue(response.contains("Fun=[sun], Foo=[bar]"));
    
    
    
        response = HTTP.getWithCharSet("http://localhost:9212/test", headers, "text/plain", "UTF-8");
    
        System.out.println(response);
    
        assertTrue(response.contains("Fun=[sun], Foo=[bar]"));
    
        Thread.sleep(10);
    
        server.stop(0);
    
    
    }
    
    @Test
    public void testPostBody() throws Exception {
    
        HttpServer server = HttpServer.create(new InetSocketAddress(9220), 0);
        server.createContext("/test", new MyHandler());
        server.setExecutor(null); // creates a default executor
        server.start();
    
        Thread.sleep(10);
    
    
        Map<String,String> headers = map("foo", "bar", "fun", "sun");
    
        String response = HTTP.postBody("http://localhost:9220/test", "hi mom");
    
        assertTrue(response.contains("hi mom"));
    
    
        Thread.sleep(10);
    
        server.stop(0);
    
    
    }
    
    @Test(expected = RuntimeException.class)
    public void testSad() throws Exception {
    
        HttpServer server = HttpServer.create(new InetSocketAddress(9213), 0);
        server.createContext("/test", new MyHandler());
        server.setExecutor(null); // creates a default executor
        server.start();
    
        Thread.sleep(10);
    
    
        Map<String,String> headers = map("foo", "bar", "fun", "sun");
    
        String response = HTTP.postBodyWithContentType("http://localhost:9213/foo", headers, "text/plain", "hi mom");
    
        System.out.println(response);
    
        assertTrue(response.contains("hi mom"));
        assertTrue(response.contains("Fun=[sun], Foo=[bar]"));
    
        Thread.sleep(10);
    
        server.stop(0);
    
    
    }
    

    你可以在这里找到其余的:

    https://github.com/RichardHightower/boon

    我的目标是以更简单的方式提供人们想要做的常见事情....

  • 11

    我建议你看一下kevinsawicki/http-request上的代码,它基本上是 HttpUrlConnection 之上的一个包装器,它提供了一个更简单的API,以防你现在只想提出请求或者你可以看一下这些来源(它不是太多了)大)看看如何处理连接 .

    示例:使用内容类型 application/json 和一些查询参数发出 GET 请求:

    // GET http://google.com?q=baseball%20gloves&size=100
    String response = HttpRequest.get("http://google.com", true, "q", "baseball gloves", "size", 100)
            .accept("application/json")
            .body();
    System.out.println("Response was: " + response);
    
  • 20

    首先是免责声明:发布的代码片段都是基本示例 . 您需要处理普通的IOExceptions和RuntimeExceptions,如NullPointerException,ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException并自行配合 .


    准备

    我们首先需要至少知道URL和字符集 . 参数是可选的,取决于功能要求 .

    String url = "http://example.com";
    String charset = "UTF-8";  // Or in Java 7 and later, use the constant: java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name()
    String param1 = "value1";
    String param2 = "value2";
    // ...
    
    String query = String.format("param1=%s&param2=%s", 
         URLEncoder.encode(param1, charset), 
         URLEncoder.encode(param2, charset));
    

    查询参数必须为 name=value 格式,并由 & 连接 . 您通常也会使用URLEncoder#encode()使用指定的字符集URL-encode查询参数 .

    String#format()只是为了方便起见 . 当我需要String连接运算符两次以上时,我更喜欢它 .


    使用(可选)查询参数触发HTTP GET请求

    这是一项微不足道的任务 . 这是默认的请求方法 .

    URLConnection connection = new URL(url + "?" + query).openConnection();
    connection.setRequestProperty("Accept-Charset", charset);
    InputStream response = connection.getInputStream();
    // ...
    

    应使用 ? 将任何查询字符串连接到URL . Accept-Charset标头可能会提示服务器参数的编码方式 . 如果您不发送任何查询字符串,则可以将 Accept-Charset 标头留下 . 如果您不需要设置任何 Headers ,那么您甚至可以使用URL#openStream()快捷方法 .

    InputStream response = new URL(url).openStream();
    // ...
    

    无论哪种方式,如果另一方是HttpServlet,那么它的doGet()方法将被调用,参数将由HttpServletRequest#getParameter()提供 .

    出于测试目的,您可以将响应主体打印到stdout,如下所示:

    try (Scanner scanner = new Scanner(response)) {
        String responseBody = scanner.useDelimiter("\\A").next();
        System.out.println(responseBody);
    }
    

    使用查询参数触发HTTP POST请求

    URLConnection#setDoOutput()设置为 true 隐式将请求方法设置为POST . Web表单的标准HTTP POST的类型为 application/x-www-form-urlencoded ,其中查询字符串将写入请求正文 .

    URLConnection connection = new URL(url).openConnection();
    connection.setDoOutput(true); // Triggers POST.
    connection.setRequestProperty("Accept-Charset", charset);
    connection.setRequestProperty("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded;charset=" + charset);
    
    try (OutputStream output = connection.getOutputStream()) {
        output.write(query.getBytes(charset));
    }
    
    InputStream response = connection.getInputStream();
    // ...
    

    注意:每当你忘记将 name=value 对任何 <input type="hidden"> 元素放入查询字符串中时,当然还有 name=value<input type="submit"> 元素,你通常在服务器端使用它来区分是否按下了一个按钮如果是的话,哪一个) .

    您也可以将获得的URLConnection强制转换为HttpURLConnection并使用其HttpURLConnection#setRequestMethod()代替 . 但是,如果您尝试使用连接进行输出,则仍需要将URLConnection#setDoOutput()设置为 true .

    HttpURLConnection httpConnection = (HttpURLConnection) new URL(url).openConnection();
    httpConnection.setRequestMethod("POST");
    // ...
    

    无论哪种方式,如果另一方是HttpServlet,那么它的doPost()方法将被调用,参数将由HttpServletRequest#getParameter()提供 .


    实际触发HTTP请求

    您可以使用URLConnection#connect()显式触发HTTP请求,但是当您想要获取有关HTTP响应的任何信息(例如使用URLConnection#getInputStream()的响应正文等)时,将根据需要自动触发请求 . 上面的例子就是这样,所以 connect() 调用实际上是多余的 .


    收集HTTP响应信息

    你需要一个HttpURLConnection . 如有必要,先把它扔掉 .

    int status = httpConnection.getResponseCode();
    
    for (Entry<String, List<String>> header : connection.getHeaderFields().entrySet()) {
        System.out.println(header.getKey() + "=" + header.getValue());
    }
    

    Content-Type 包含 charset 参数时,响应主体很可能是基于文本的,我们希望用服务器端指定的字符编码处理响应主体 .

    String contentType = connection.getHeaderField("Content-Type");
    String charset = null;
    
    for (String param : contentType.replace(" ", "").split(";")) {
        if (param.startsWith("charset=")) {
            charset = param.split("=", 2)[1];
            break;
        }
    }
    
    if (charset != null) {
        try (BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(response, charset))) {
            for (String line; (line = reader.readLine()) != null;) {
                // ... System.out.println(line) ?
            }
        }
    } else {
        // It's likely binary content, use InputStream/OutputStream.
    }
    

    维护会话

    服务器端会话通常由cookie支持 . 某些Web表单要求您已登录和/或由会话跟踪 . 您可以使用CookieHandler API来维护cookie . 在发送所有HTTP请求之前,您需要使用CookiePolicy ACCEPT_ALL准备CookieManager .

    // First set the default cookie manager.
    CookieHandler.setDefault(new CookieManager(null, CookiePolicy.ACCEPT_ALL));
    
    // All the following subsequent URLConnections will use the same cookie manager.
    URLConnection connection = new URL(url).openConnection();
    // ...
    
    connection = new URL(url).openConnection();
    // ...
    
    connection = new URL(url).openConnection();
    // ...
    

    请注意,众所周知,这并不总是在所有情况下都能正常工作 . 如果它失败了,那么最好是手动收集和设置cookie头 . 您基本上需要从登录响应或第一个 GET 请求中获取所有 Set-Cookie 标头,然后通过后续请求传递此标头 .

    // Gather all cookies on the first request.
    URLConnection connection = new URL(url).openConnection();
    List<String> cookies = connection.getHeaderFields().get("Set-Cookie");
    // ...
    
    // Then use the same cookies on all subsequent requests.
    connection = new URL(url).openConnection();
    for (String cookie : cookies) {
        connection.addRequestProperty("Cookie", cookie.split(";", 2)[0]);
    }
    // ...
    

    split(";", 2)[0] 是为了摆脱与服务器端无关的cookie属性,如 expirespath 等 . 或者,您也可以使用 cookie.substring(0, cookie.indexOf(';')) 而不是 split() .


    流媒体模式

    无论您是否使用 connection.setRequestProperty("Content-Length", contentLength); 设置了固定的内容长度,HttpURLConnection默认会在实际发送之前缓冲整个请求正文 . 每当您同时发送大型POST请求(例如上传文件)时,这可能会导致 OutOfMemoryException . 为避免这种情况,您需要设置HttpURLConnection#setFixedLengthStreamingMode() .

    httpConnection.setFixedLengthStreamingMode(contentLength);
    

    但是如果事先确实不知道内容长度,则可以通过相应地设置HttpURLConnection#setChunkedStreamingMode()来利用分块流模式 . 这会将HTTP Transfer-Encoding标头设置为 chunked ,这将强制请求正文以块的形式发送 . 以下示例将以1KB的块发送正文 .

    httpConnection.setChunkedStreamingMode(1024);
    

    User-Agent

    它可能发生在a request returns an unexpected response, while it works fine with a real web browser . 服务器端可能会根据User-Agent请求标头阻止请求 . URLConnection 默认情况下会将其设置为 Java/1.6.0_19 ,其中最后一部分显然是JRE版本 . 您可以按如下方式覆盖:

    connection.setRequestProperty("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/41.0.2228.0 Safari/537.36"); // Do as if you're using Chrome 41 on Windows 7.
    

    使用recent browser中的User-Agent字符串 .


    错误处理

    如果HTTP响应代码是 4nn (客户端错误)或 5nn (服务器错误),那么您可能需要阅读 HttpURLConnection#getErrorStream() 以查看服务器是否已发送任何有用的错误信息 .

    InputStream error = ((HttpURLConnection) connection).getErrorStream();
    

    如果HTTP响应代码为-1,则连接和响应处理出现问题 . HttpURLConnection 实现在较旧的JRE中有点错误,保持连接活着 . 您可能希望通过将 http.keepAlive 系统属性设置为 false 来将其关闭 . 您可以在应用程序的开头以编程方式执行此操作:

    System.setProperty("http.keepAlive", "false");
    

    上传文件

    您通常使用multipart/form-data编码来处理混合POST内容(二进制和字符数据) . 编码在RFC2388中有更详细的描述 .

    String param = "value";
    File textFile = new File("/path/to/file.txt");
    File binaryFile = new File("/path/to/file.bin");
    String boundary = Long.toHexString(System.currentTimeMillis()); // Just generate some unique random value.
    String CRLF = "\r\n"; // Line separator required by multipart/form-data.
    URLConnection connection = new URL(url).openConnection();
    connection.setDoOutput(true);
    connection.setRequestProperty("Content-Type", "multipart/form-data; boundary=" + boundary);
    
    try (
        OutputStream output = connection.getOutputStream();
        PrintWriter writer = new PrintWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(output, charset), true);
    ) {
        // Send normal param.
        writer.append("--" + boundary).append(CRLF);
        writer.append("Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"param\"").append(CRLF);
        writer.append("Content-Type: text/plain; charset=" + charset).append(CRLF);
        writer.append(CRLF).append(param).append(CRLF).flush();
    
        // Send text file.
        writer.append("--" + boundary).append(CRLF);
        writer.append("Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"textFile\"; filename=\"" + textFile.getName() + "\"").append(CRLF);
        writer.append("Content-Type: text/plain; charset=" + charset).append(CRLF); // Text file itself must be saved in this charset!
        writer.append(CRLF).flush();
        Files.copy(textFile.toPath(), output);
        output.flush(); // Important before continuing with writer!
        writer.append(CRLF).flush(); // CRLF is important! It indicates end of boundary.
    
        // Send binary file.
        writer.append("--" + boundary).append(CRLF);
        writer.append("Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"binaryFile\"; filename=\"" + binaryFile.getName() + "\"").append(CRLF);
        writer.append("Content-Type: " + URLConnection.guessContentTypeFromName(binaryFile.getName())).append(CRLF);
        writer.append("Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary").append(CRLF);
        writer.append(CRLF).flush();
        Files.copy(binaryFile.toPath(), output);
        output.flush(); // Important before continuing with writer!
        writer.append(CRLF).flush(); // CRLF is important! It indicates end of boundary.
    
        // End of multipart/form-data.
        writer.append("--" + boundary + "--").append(CRLF).flush();
    }
    

    如果另一侧是HttpServlet,则将调用其doPost()方法,并且HttpServletRequest#getPart()可以使用这些部件(注意,因此 not getParameter() 等等!) . 然而, getPart() 方法相对较新,它在Servlet 3.0(Glassfish 3,Tomcat 7等)中引入 . 在Servlet 3.0之前,您最好的选择是使用Apache Commons FileUpload来解析 multipart/form-data 请求 . 有关FileUpload和Servelt 3.0方法的示例,另请参阅this answer .


    处理不受信任或配置错误的HTTPS站点

    有时您需要连接HTTPS URL,可能是因为您正在编写Web scraper . 在这种情况下,您可能会在某些HTTPS站点上面临 javax.net.ssl.SSLException: Not trusted server certificate ,这些站点不保持SSL证书的最新状态,或者在某些配置错误的HTTPS站点上保留 java.security.cert.CertificateException: No subject alternative DNS name matching [hostname] foundjavax.net.ssl.SSLProtocolException: handshake alert: unrecognized_name .

    您的Web scraper类中的以下一次性运行 static 初始化程序应该使这些HTTPS站点的 HttpsURLConnection 更宽松,因此不再抛出这些异常 .

    static {
        TrustManager[] trustAllCertificates = new TrustManager[] {
            new X509TrustManager() {
                @Override
                public X509Certificate[] getAcceptedIssuers() {
                    return null; // Not relevant.
                }
                @Override
                public void checkClientTrusted(X509Certificate[] certs, String authType) {
                    // Do nothing. Just allow them all.
                }
                @Override
                public void checkServerTrusted(X509Certificate[] certs, String authType) {
                    // Do nothing. Just allow them all.
                }
            }
        };
    
        HostnameVerifier trustAllHostnames = new HostnameVerifier() {
            @Override
            public boolean verify(String hostname, SSLSession session) {
                return true; // Just allow them all.
            }
        };
    
        try {
            System.setProperty("jsse.enableSNIExtension", "false");
            SSLContext sc = SSLContext.getInstance("SSL");
            sc.init(null, trustAllCertificates, new SecureRandom());
            HttpsURLConnection.setDefaultSSLSocketFactory(sc.getSocketFactory());
            HttpsURLConnection.setDefaultHostnameVerifier(trustAllHostnames);
        }
        catch (GeneralSecurityException e) {
            throw new ExceptionInInitializerError(e);
        }
    }
    

    最后的话

    Apache HttpComponents HttpClient在这方面更加方便:)


    解析和提取HTML

    如果您只想从HTML解析和提取数据,那么最好使用像Jsoup这样的HTML解析器

  • 22

    最初我被article误导了 HttpClient .

    后来我意识到 HttpURLConnection 将会离开这个article

    As per the Google blog

    Apache HTTP客户端在Eclair和Froyo上的错误更少 . 它是这些版本的最佳选择 . 对于Gingerbread,HttpURLConnection是最佳选择 . 其简单的API和小巧的尺寸使其非常适合Android . 透明的压缩和响应缓存减少了网络使用,提高了速度并节省了电池 . 新的应用程序应该使用HttpURLConnection;这是我们将继续投入精力的地方 .

    在阅读this article以及其他一些关于流动问题的堆栈之后,我确信 HttpURLConnection 将会持续更长时间 .

    一些有利于_193745的SE问题:

    On Android, make a POST request with URL Encoded Form data without using UrlEncodedFormEntity

    HttpPost works in Java project, not in Android

  • 2572

    HTTP URL Hits有两个选项:GET / POST

    GET请求: -

    HttpURLConnection.setFollowRedirects(true); // defaults to true
    
    String url = "https://name_of_the_url";
    URL request_url = new URL(url);
    HttpURLConnection http_conn = (HttpURLConnection)request_url.openConnection();
    http_conn.setConnectTimeout(100000);
    http_conn.setReadTimeout(100000);
    http_conn.setInstanceFollowRedirects(true);
    System.out.println(String.valueOf(http_conn.getResponseCode()));
    

    POST请求: -

    HttpURLConnection.setFollowRedirects(true); // defaults to true
    
    String url = "https://name_of_the_url"
    URL request_url = new URL(url);
    HttpURLConnection http_conn = (HttpURLConnection)request_url.openConnection();
    http_conn.setConnectTimeout(100000);
    http_conn.setReadTimeout(100000);
    http_conn.setInstanceFollowRedirects(true);
    http_conn.setDoOutput(true);
    PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(http_conn.getOutputStream());
    if (urlparameter != null) {
       out.println(urlparameter);
    }
    out.close();
    out = null;
    System.out.println(String.valueOf(http_conn.getResponseCode()));
    
  • 14

    您也可以使用JdkRequest来自jcabi-http(我是开发人员),它可以为您完成所有这些工作,装饰HttpURLConnection,触发HTTP请求和解析响应,例如:

    String html = new JdkRequest("http://www.google.com").fetch().body();
    

    查看此博客文章了解更多信息:http://www.yegor256.com/2014/04/11/jcabi-http-intro.html

  • 11

    什么时候使用HTTP几乎总是更有用的是引用 HttpURLConnection 而不是基类 URLConnection (因为 URLConnection 是一个抽象类,当你在HTTP URL上请求 URLConnection.openConnection() 时,无论如何都会回来) .

    然后你可以而不是依赖 URLConnection#setDoOutput(true) 隐式地将请求方法设置为POST而不是 httpURLConnection.setRequestMethod("POST") ,有些人可能会发现更自然(并且还允许您指定其他请求方法,如PUT,DELETE,...) .

    它还提供有用的HTTP常量,因此您可以执行以下操作:

    int responseCode = httpURLConnection.getResponseCode();
    
    if (responseCode == HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK) {
    
  • 10

    如果您使用http get请删除此行

    urlConnection.setDoOutput(true);
    
  • 16

    更新

    新的HTTP客户端随Java 9一起提供,但作为名为jdk.incubator.httpclient的Incubator模块的一部分 . 孵化器模块是将非最终API放在开发人员手中的一种方法,而API将在未来版本中逐步完成或删除 .

    在Java 9中,您可以发送 GET 请求,例如:

    // GET
    HttpResponse response = HttpRequest
        .create(new URI("http://www.stackoverflow.com"))
        .headers("Foo", "foovalue", "Bar", "barvalue")
        .GET()
        .response();
    

    然后你可以检查返回的 HttpResponse

    int statusCode = response.statusCode();
    String responseBody = response.body(HttpResponse.asString());
    

    由于这个新的HTTP客户端在java.httpclient jdk.incubator.httpclient 模块中,因此您应该在 module-info.java 文件中声明此依赖项:

    module com.foo.bar {
        requires jdk.incubator.httpclient;
    }
    
  • 86

    还有OkHttp,这是一个默认有效的HTTP客户端:

    HTTP / 2支持允许对同一主机的所有请求共享套接字 . 连接池减少了请求延迟(如果HTTP / 2不可用) . 透明GZIP缩小了下载大小 . 响应缓存完全避免网络重复请求 .

    首先创建 OkHttpClient 的实例:

    OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
    

    然后,准备你的 GET 请求:

    Request request = new Request.Builder()
          .url(url)
          .build();
    

    最后,使用 OkHttpClient 发送准备好的 Request

    Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
    

    有关详细信息,请参阅OkHttp's documentation

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