接受与自签名证书的HTTPS连接-Java 学习之路

145

我正在尝试使用 HttpClient lib Build HTTPS连接，但问题是，因为证书未由识别的证书颁发机构（CA）签名，如Verisign，GlobalSIgn等，列在Android受信任证书集上，我一直得到 javax.net.ssl.SSLException: Not trusted server certificate .

我已经看到了你只接受所有证书的解决方案，但如果我想询问用户该怎么办？

我想得到一个类似于浏览器的对话框，让用户决定是否继续 . 我最好使用与浏览器相同的证书库 . 有任何想法吗？

12 回答

167

您需要做的第一件事是设置验证级别 . 这样的水平并不是那么多：

ALLOW_ALL_HOSTNAME_VERIFIER
BROWSER_COMPATIBLE_HOSTNAME_VERIFIER
STRICT_HOSTNAME_VERIFIER

虽然方法setHostnameVerifier（）对于新的库apache已经过时，但对于Android SDK中的版本是正常的 . 所以我们将 ALLOW_ALL_HOSTNAME_VERIFIER 设置在方法工厂 SSLSocketFactory.setHostnameVerifier() 中 .

接下来，您需要将协议的工厂设置为https . 为此，只需调用 SchemeRegistry.register() 方法即可 .

然后你需要用 SingleClientConnManager 创建一个 DefaultHttpClient . 同样在下面的代码中你可以看到默认情况下也会使用我们的标志（ ALLOW_ALL_HOSTNAME_VERIFIER ）方法 HttpsURLConnection.setDefaultHostnameVerifier()

下面的代码适用于我：

HostnameVerifier hostnameVerifier = org.apache.http.conn.ssl.SSLSocketFactory.ALLOW_ALL_HOSTNAME_VERIFIER;

DefaultHttpClient client = new DefaultHttpClient();

SchemeRegistry registry = new SchemeRegistry();
SSLSocketFactory socketFactory = SSLSocketFactory.getSocketFactory();
socketFactory.setHostnameVerifier((X509HostnameVerifier) hostnameVerifier);
registry.register(new Scheme("https", socketFactory, 443));
SingleClientConnManager mgr = new SingleClientConnManager(client.getParams(), registry);
DefaultHttpClient httpClient = new DefaultHttpClient(mgr, client.getParams());

// Set verifier     
HttpsURLConnection.setDefaultHostnameVerifier(hostnameVerifier);

// Example send http request
final String url = "https://encrypted.google.com/";
HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost(url);
HttpResponse response = httpClient.execute(httpPost);

回复于 2024-04-20T04:50:51+08:00

121

要从证书颁发机构获得安全连接，需要以下主要步骤，这些安全连接不被android平台视为可信任 .

根据许多用户的要求，我在这里反映了我最重要的部分：blog article：

获取所有必需的证书（root和任何中间CA）
使用keytool和BouncyCastle提供程序创建密钥库并导入证书
在您的Android应用程序中加载密钥库并将其用于安全连接（我建议使用Apache HttpClient而不是标准 java.net.ssl.HttpsURLConnection （更容易理解，性能更高）

获取证书

您必须从 endpoints 证书一直到根CA获取构建链的所有证书 . 这意味着，任何（如果存在）中间CA证书以及根CA证书 . 您无需获取 endpoints 证书 .

创建密钥库

下载BouncyCastle Provider并将其存储到已知位置 . 还要确保可以调用keytool命令（通常位于JRE安装的bin文件夹下） .

现在将获取的证书（不要导入 endpoints 证书）导入到BouncyCastle格式的密钥库中 .

我没有测试它，但我认为导入证书的顺序很重要 . 这意味着，首先导入最低级的中级CA证书，然后一直导入根CA证书 .

使用以下命令，将创建一个密码为mysecret的新密钥库（如果尚未存在），并将导入中间CA证书 . 我还定义了BouncyCastle提供程序，它可以在我的文件系统和密钥库格式中找到 . 对链中的每个证书执行此命令 .

keytool -importcert -v -trustcacerts -file "path_to_cert/interm_ca.cer" -alias IntermediateCA -keystore "res/raw/myKeystore.bks" -provider org.bouncycastle.jce.provider.BouncyCastleProvider -providerpath "path_to_bouncycastle/bcprov-jdk16-145.jar" -storetype BKS -storepass mysecret

验证证书是否已正确导入密钥库：

keytool -list -keystore "res/raw/myKeystore.bks" -provider org.bouncycastle.jce.provider.BouncyCastleProvider -providerpath "path_to_bouncycastle/bcprov-jdk16-145.jar" -storetype BKS -storepass mysecret

应该输出整个链：

RootCA, 22.10.2010, trustedCertEntry, Thumbprint (MD5): 24:77:D9:A8:91:D1:3B:FA:88:2D:C2:FF:F8:CD:33:93
IntermediateCA, 22.10.2010, trustedCertEntry, Thumbprint (MD5): 98:0F:C3:F8:39:F7:D8:05:07:02:0D:E3:14:5B:29:43

现在您可以将密钥库复制为Android应用程序中的原始资源 res/raw/

在您的应用中使用密钥库

首先，我们必须创建一个自定义Apache HttpClient，它使用我们的密钥库进行HTTPS连接：

public class MyHttpClient extends DefaultHttpClient {

  final Context context;

  public MyHttpClient(Context context) {
      this.context = context;
  }

  @Override
  protected ClientConnectionManager createClientConnectionManager() {
      SchemeRegistry registry = new SchemeRegistry();
      registry.register(new Scheme("http", PlainSocketFactory.getSocketFactory(), 80));
      // Register for port 443 our SSLSocketFactory with our keystore
      // to the ConnectionManager
      registry.register(new Scheme("https", newSslSocketFactory(), 443));
      return new SingleClientConnManager(getParams(), registry);
  }

  private SSLSocketFactory newSslSocketFactory() {
      try {
          // Get an instance of the Bouncy Castle KeyStore format
          KeyStore trusted = KeyStore.getInstance("BKS");
          // Get the raw resource, which contains the keystore with
          // your trusted certificates (root and any intermediate certs)
          InputStream in = context.getResources().openRawResource(R.raw.mykeystore);
          try {
              // Initialize the keystore with the provided trusted certificates
              // Also provide the password of the keystore
              trusted.load(in, "mysecret".toCharArray());
          } finally {
              in.close();
          }
          // Pass the keystore to the SSLSocketFactory. The factory is responsible
          // for the verification of the server certificate.
          SSLSocketFactory sf = new SSLSocketFactory(trusted);
          // Hostname verification from certificate
          // http://hc.apache.org/httpcomponents-client-ga/tutorial/html/connmgmt.html#d4e506
          sf.setHostnameVerifier(SSLSocketFactory.STRICT_HOSTNAME_VERIFIER);
          return sf;
      } catch (Exception e) {
          throw new AssertionError(e);
      }
  }
}

我们已经创建了自定义HttpClient，现在我们可以将它用于安全连接 . 例如，当我们对REST资源进行GET调用时 .

// Instantiate the custom HttpClient
DefaultHttpClient client = new MyHttpClient(getApplicationContext());
HttpGet get = new HttpGet("https://www.mydomain.ch/rest/contacts/23");
// Execute the GET call and obtain the response
HttpResponse getResponse = client.execute(get);
HttpEntity responseEntity = getResponse.getEntity();

而已 ;）

回复于 2024-04-20T04:50:51+08:00

如果您在设备上没有自定义/自签名证书，则可以使用以下类加载它并在Android的客户端使用它：

将证书 *.crt 文件放在 /res/raw 中，以便从 R.raw.* 获取

使用以下类获取 HTTPClient 或 HttpsURLConnection ，它将具有使用该证书的套接字工厂：

package com.example.customssl;

import android.content.Context;
import org.apache.http.client.HttpClient;
import org.apache.http.conn.scheme.PlainSocketFactory;
import org.apache.http.conn.scheme.Scheme;
import org.apache.http.conn.scheme.SchemeRegistry;
import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.AllowAllHostnameVerifier;
import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.SSLSocketFactory;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.DefaultHttpClient;
import org.apache.http.impl.conn.tsccm.ThreadSafeClientConnManager;
import org.apache.http.params.BasicHttpParams;
import org.apache.http.params.HttpParams;

import javax.net.ssl.HttpsURLConnection;
import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;
import javax.net.ssl.TrustManagerFactory;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.net.URL;
import java.security.KeyStore;
import java.security.KeyStoreException;
import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
import java.security.cert.Certificate;
import java.security.cert.CertificateException;
import java.security.cert.CertificateFactory;

public class CustomCAHttpsProvider {

    /**
     * Creates a {@link org.apache.http.client.HttpClient} which is configured to work with a custom authority
     * certificate.
     *
     * @param context       Application Context
     * @param certRawResId  R.raw.id of certificate file (*.crt). Should be stored in /res/raw.
     * @param allowAllHosts If true then client will not check server against host names of certificate.
     * @return Http Client.
     * @throws Exception If there is an error initializing the client.
     */
    public static HttpClient getHttpClient(Context context, int certRawResId, boolean allowAllHosts) throws Exception {


        // build key store with ca certificate
        KeyStore keyStore = buildKeyStore(context, certRawResId);

        // init ssl socket factory with key store
        SSLSocketFactory sslSocketFactory = new SSLSocketFactory(keyStore);

        // skip hostname security check if specified
        if (allowAllHosts) {
            sslSocketFactory.setHostnameVerifier(new AllowAllHostnameVerifier());
        }

        // basic http params for client
        HttpParams params = new BasicHttpParams();

        // normal scheme registry with our ssl socket factory for "https"
        SchemeRegistry schemeRegistry = new SchemeRegistry();
        schemeRegistry.register(new Scheme("http", PlainSocketFactory.getSocketFactory(), 80));
        schemeRegistry.register(new Scheme("https", sslSocketFactory, 443));

        // create connection manager
        ThreadSafeClientConnManager cm = new ThreadSafeClientConnManager(params, schemeRegistry);

        // create http client
        return new DefaultHttpClient(cm, params);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a {@link javax.net.ssl.HttpsURLConnection} which is configured to work with a custom authority
     * certificate.
     *
     * @param urlString     remote url string.
     * @param context       Application Context
     * @param certRawResId  R.raw.id of certificate file (*.crt). Should be stored in /res/raw.
     * @param allowAllHosts If true then client will not check server against host names of certificate.
     * @return Http url connection.
     * @throws Exception If there is an error initializing the connection.
     */
    public static HttpsURLConnection getHttpsUrlConnection(String urlString, Context context, int certRawResId,
                                                           boolean allowAllHosts) throws Exception {

        // build key store with ca certificate
        KeyStore keyStore = buildKeyStore(context, certRawResId);

        // Create a TrustManager that trusts the CAs in our KeyStore
        String tmfAlgorithm = TrustManagerFactory.getDefaultAlgorithm();
        TrustManagerFactory tmf = TrustManagerFactory.getInstance(tmfAlgorithm);
        tmf.init(keyStore);

        // Create an SSLContext that uses our TrustManager
        SSLContext sslContext = SSLContext.getInstance("TLS");
        sslContext.init(null, tmf.getTrustManagers(), null);

        // Create a connection from url
        URL url = new URL(urlString);
        HttpsURLConnection urlConnection = (HttpsURLConnection) url.openConnection();
        urlConnection.setSSLSocketFactory(sslContext.getSocketFactory());

        // skip hostname security check if specified
        if (allowAllHosts) {
            urlConnection.setHostnameVerifier(new AllowAllHostnameVerifier());
        }

        return urlConnection;
    }

    private static KeyStore buildKeyStore(Context context, int certRawResId) throws KeyStoreException, CertificateException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, IOException {
        // init a default key store
        String keyStoreType = KeyStore.getDefaultType();
        KeyStore keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance(keyStoreType);
        keyStore.load(null, null);

        // read and add certificate authority
        Certificate cert = readCert(context, certRawResId);
        keyStore.setCertificateEntry("ca", cert);

        return keyStore;
    }

    private static Certificate readCert(Context context, int certResourceId) throws CertificateException, IOException {

        // read certificate resource
        InputStream caInput = context.getResources().openRawResource(certResourceId);

        Certificate ca;
        try {
            // generate a certificate
            CertificateFactory cf = CertificateFactory.getInstance("X.509");
            ca = cf.generateCertificate(caInput);
        } finally {
            caInput.close();
        }

        return ca;
    }

}

关键点：

Certificate 个对象是从 .crt 文件生成的 .
创建了默认 KeyStore .
keyStore.setCertificateEntry("ca", cert) 正在将别名"ca"下的密钥库添加到密钥库中 . 您修改代码以添加更多证书（中间CA等） .
主要目标是生成 SSLSocketFactory ，然后由 HTTPClient 或 HttpsURLConnection 使用 .
SSLSocketFactory 可以进一步配置，例如跳过主机名验证等 .

回复于 2024-04-20T04:50:51+08:00

最佳答案对我不起作用 . 经过一番调查后，我在"Android Developer"找到了所需信息：https://developer.android.com/training/articles/security-ssl.html#SelfSigned

创建一个X509TrustManager的空实现就可以了：

private static class MyTrustManager implements X509TrustManager
{

    @Override
    public void checkClientTrusted(X509Certificate[] chain, String authType)
         throws CertificateException
    {
    }

    @Override
    public void checkServerTrusted(X509Certificate[] chain, String authType)
        throws CertificateException
    {
    }

    @Override
    public X509Certificate[] getAcceptedIssuers()
    {
        return null;
    }

}

...

HttpsURLConnection conn = (HttpsURLConnection) url.openConnection();
try
{
    // Create an SSLContext that uses our TrustManager
    SSLContext context = SSLContext.getInstance("TLS");
    TrustManager[] tmlist = {new MyTrustManager()};
    context.init(null, tmlist, null);
    conn.setSSLSocketFactory(context.getSocketFactory());
}
catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e)
{
    throw new IOException(e);
} catch (KeyManagementException e)
{
    throw new IOException(e);
}
conn.setRequestMethod("GET");
int rcode = conn.getResponseCode();

Please be aware that this empty implementation of TustManager is just an example and using it in a productive environment would cause a severe security threat!

回复于 2024-04-20T04:50:51+08:00

我试图使用https将我的Android应用程序连接到我的RESTful服务时感到很沮丧 . 此外，我对所有建议完全禁用证书检查的答案感到有些恼火 . 如果你这样做，那么https的重点是什么？

在搜索了一段时间的主题后，我终于找到了this解决方案，其中不需要外部jar，只需Android API . 感谢2014年7月发布的Andrew Smith

/**
 * Set up a connection to myservice.domain using HTTPS. An entire function
 * is needed to do this because myservice.domain has a self-signed certificate.
 * 
 * The caller of the function would do something like:
 * HttpsURLConnection urlConnection = setUpHttpsConnection("https://littlesvr.ca");
 * InputStream in = urlConnection.getInputStream();
 * And read from that "in" as usual in Java
 * 
 * Based on code from:
 * https://developer.android.com/training/articles/security-ssl.html#SelfSigned
 */
public static HttpsURLConnection setUpHttpsConnection(String urlString)
{
    try
    {
        // Load CAs from an InputStream
        // (could be from a resource or ByteArrayInputStream or ...)
        CertificateFactory cf = CertificateFactory.getInstance("X.509");

        // My CRT file that I put in the assets folder
        // I got this file by following these steps:
        // * Go to https://littlesvr.ca using Firefox
        // * Click the padlock/More/Security/View Certificate/Details/Export
        // * Saved the file as littlesvr.crt (type X.509 Certificate (PEM))
        // The MainActivity.context is declared as:
        // public static Context context;
        // And initialized in MainActivity.onCreate() as:
        // MainActivity.context = getApplicationContext();
        InputStream caInput = new BufferedInputStream(MainActivity.context.getAssets().open("littlesvr.crt"));
        Certificate ca = cf.generateCertificate(caInput);
        System.out.println("ca=" + ((X509Certificate) ca).getSubjectDN());

        // Create a KeyStore containing our trusted CAs
        String keyStoreType = KeyStore.getDefaultType();
        KeyStore keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance(keyStoreType);
        keyStore.load(null, null);
        keyStore.setCertificateEntry("ca", ca);

        // Create a TrustManager that trusts the CAs in our KeyStore
        String tmfAlgorithm = TrustManagerFactory.getDefaultAlgorithm();
        TrustManagerFactory tmf = TrustManagerFactory.getInstance(tmfAlgorithm);
        tmf.init(keyStore);

        // Create an SSLContext that uses our TrustManager
        SSLContext context = SSLContext.getInstance("TLS");
        context.init(null, tmf.getTrustManagers(), null);

        // Tell the URLConnection to use a SocketFactory from our SSLContext
        URL url = new URL(urlString);
        HttpsURLConnection urlConnection = (HttpsURLConnection)url.openConnection();
        urlConnection.setSSLSocketFactory(context.getSocketFactory());

        return urlConnection;
    }
    catch (Exception ex)
    {
        Log.e(TAG, "Failed to establish SSL connection to server: " + ex.toString());
        return null;
    }
}

它适用于我的模型App .

回复于 2024-04-20T04:50:51+08:00

0

Google建议使用Android Volley for HTTP/HTTPS connections，因为不推荐使用 HttpClient . 所以，你知道正确的选择:) .

而且， NEVER NUKE SSL Certificates (NEVER!!!).

核对SSL证书，完全违背SSL的目的，即推广 security . 有's no sense of using SSL, if you'计划轰炸所有SSL证书 . 更好的解决方案是，不使用SSL或更好的解决方案，将使用Android Volley for HTTP / HTTPS连接在您的应用上创建自定义 TrustManager .

这是我创建的Gist，使用基本的LoginApp，在服务器端使用自签名证书执行HTTPS连接，在应用程序上接受 .

这也是另一个Gist，可能有助于创建自签名SSL证书，以便在您的服务器上进行设置并在您的应用程序上使用证书 . Very important: 您必须将上述脚本生成的.crt文件复制到Android项目的"raw"目录中 .

回复于 2024-04-20T04:50:51+08:00
15

以下是如何向KeyStore添加其他证书以避免此问题：Trusting all certificates using HttpClient over HTTPS

它不会像您要求的那样提示用户，但会降低用户遇到“不可信服务器证书”错误的可能性 .

回复于 2024-04-20T04:50:51+08:00
6

Simplest way for create SSL certificate

打开Firefox（我想这也适用于Chrome，但对我来说，使用FF更容易）

使用自签名SSL证书访问您的开发站点 .

单击证书（站点名称旁边）

点击“更多信息”

点击“查看证书”

点击“详细信息”

点击“导出...”

选择“X.509 Certificate whith chain（PEM）”，选择要保存的文件夹和名称，然后单击“保存”

转到命令行，到您下载pem文件的目录并执行“openssl x509 -inform PEM -outform DM -in .pem -out .crt”

将.crt文件复制到Android设备内/ sdcard文件夹的根目录在Android设备中，“设置”>“安全”>“从存储中安装” .

它应该检测证书并允许您将其添加到设备浏览到您的开发站点 .

第一次它应该要求您确认安全例外 . 就这样 .

该证书适用于Android上安装的任何浏览器（浏览器，Chrome，Opera，Dolphin ......）

请记住，如果您从不同的域提供静态文件（我们都是页面速度的婊子），您还需要为该域添加证书 .

回复于 2024-04-20T04:50:51+08:00

我写了一个小型库ssl-utils-android来信任Android上的特定证书 .

您可以通过从assets目录中提供文件名来加载任何证书 .

用法：

OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
SSLContext sslContext = SslUtils.getSslContextForCertificateFile(context, "BPClass2RootCA-sha2.cer");
client.setSslSocketFactory(sslContext.getSocketFactory());

回复于 2024-04-20T04:50:51+08:00

5
这些修复程序都不适用于我的开发平台，目标是SDK 16，版本4.1.2，因此我找到了一种解决方法 .

我的应用程序使用“http://www.example.com/page.php?data=somedata”将数据存储在服务器上

最近page.php被移至“https://www.secure-example.com/page.php " and I keep getting " javax.net.ssl.SSLException：不可信服务器证书” .

starting with this guide我没有接受只有一个页面的所有证书，而是在“http://www.example.com/page.php”上发表我自己的page.php解决了我的问题 .
```
<?php

caronte ("https://www.secure-example.com/page.php");

function caronte($url) {
    // build curl request
    $ch = curl_init();
    foreach ($_POST as $a => $b) {
        $post[htmlentities($a)]=htmlentities($b);
    }
    curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL,$url);
    curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POST, 1);
    curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS,http_build_query($post));

    // receive server response ...
    curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true);
    $server_output = curl_exec ($ch);
    curl_close ($ch);

    echo $server_output;
}

?>
```
回复于 2024-04-20T04:50:51+08:00
2

也许这会有帮助......它适用于使用自签名证书的Java客户端（没有检查证书） . 小心并仅将其用于开发案例，因为这根本不安全！

How to ignore SSL certificate errors in Apache HttpClient 4.0

希望它能在Android上运行，只需添加HttpClient库...祝你好运！

回复于 2024-04-20T04:50:51+08:00
1

这是由于缺乏SNI（服务器名称识别）支持在A，ndroid 2.x中导致的问题 . 我一直在努力解决这个问题，直到我遇到以下问题，这不仅提供了问题的良好背景，而且提供了一个没有任何安全漏洞的工作和有效的解决方案 .

'No peer certificate' error in Android 2.3 but NOT in 4

回复于 2024-04-20T04:50:51+08:00

接受与自签名证书的HTTPS连接

12 回答

获取证书

创建密钥库

在您的应用中使用密钥库

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