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Linux:如果不存在,则复制并创建目标目录

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我想要一个命令(或者可能是cp的一个选项),如果它不存在,则创建目标目录 .

例:

cp -? file /path/to/copy/file/to/is/very/deep/there

16 回答

  • 28
    mkdir -p "$d" && cp file "$d"
    

    cp 没有这样的选项) .

  • 1

    如果满足以下两个条件:

    • 您正在使用 cp 的GNU版本(例如,不是Mac版本),以及

    • 您正在从一些现有的目录结构进行复制,您只需要重新创建它

    然后你可以用 cp--parents 标志来做到这一点 . 从信息页面(可在http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/cp-invocation.html#cp-invocationinfo cpman cp 查看):

    • 父母
      通过附加到目标来形成每个目标文件的名称
      目录斜杠和源文件的指定名称 . 该
      给“cp”的最后一个参数必须是现有的名称
      目录 . 例如,命令:

    cp - 父母a / b / c existing_dir

    将文件a / b / c'复制到existing_dir / a / b / c',创建任何
    缺少中间目录 .

    例:

    /tmp $ mkdir foo
    /tmp $ mkdir foo/foo
    /tmp $ touch foo/foo/foo.txt
    /tmp $ mkdir bar
    /tmp $ cp --parents foo/foo/foo.txt bar
    /tmp $ ls bar/foo/foo
    foo.txt
    
  • 0

    简答

    要将 myfile.txt 复制到 /foo/bar/myfile.txt ,请使用:

    mkdir -p /foo/bar && cp myfile.txt $_
    

    这是如何工作的?

    这有几个组件,所以我将逐步介绍所有语法 .

    mkdir实用程序as specified in the POSIX standard创建目录 . 根据文档, -p 参数将导致mkdir

    创建任何缺少的中间路径名组件

    这意味着当调用 mkdir -p /foo/bar 时,如果 /foo 尚不存在,mkdir将创建 /foo/foo/bar . (没有 -p ,它会抛出错误 .

    && 列表运算符(如POSIX standard(或Bash manual,如果您愿意)中所述)具有 cp myfile.txt $_ 仅在 mkdir -p /foo/bar 成功执行时才会执行的效果 . 这意味着如果 mkdir one of the many reasons it might fail失败, cp 命令将不会尝试执行 .

    最后,作为 cp 的第二个参数传递的 $_ 是"special parameter",它可以方便地避免重复长参数(如文件路径)而不必将它们存储在变量中 . 按the Bash manual,它:

    扩展到上一个命令的最后一个参数

    在这种情况下,那是我们传递给 mkdir/foo/bar . 因此 cp 命令扩展为 cp myfile.txt /foo/bar ,将 myfile.txt 复制到新创建的 /foo/bar 目录中 .

    注意 $_not part of the POSIX standard,所以从理论上讲,Unix变体可能有一个shell,它不知道任何不支持 $_ 的现代shell;当然Bash,Dash和zsh都这样做 .


    最后一点:命令I 've given at the start of this answer assumes that your directory names don' t中有空格 . 如果你需要引用它们,那么不同的单词不会被视为 mkdircp 的不同参数 . 所以你的命令实际上看起来像:

    mkdir -p "/my directory/name with/spaces" && cp "my filename with spaces.txt" "$_"
    
  • 187

    这么老的问题,但也许我可以提出一个替代解决方案 .

    您可以使用 install 程序复制文件并创建目标路径"on the fly" .

    install -D file /path/to/copy/file/to/is/very/deep/there/file
    

    但是,有一些方面需要考虑:

    • 你需要 specify also the destination file name ,而不仅仅是目标路径

    • 目标文件 will be executable (至少,就我从测试中看到的那样)

    您可以通过添加 -m 选项来轻松修改#2以设置目标文件的权限(例如: -m 664 将创建具有权限 rw-rw-r-- 的目标文件,就像使用 touch 创建新文件一样) .


    这里是shameless link to the answer I was inspired by =)

  • 35

    Shell函数可以执行您想要的操作,将其称为“埋葬”副本,因为它为文件挖掘了一个漏洞:

    bury_copy() { mkdir -p `dirname $2` && cp "$1" "$2"; }
    
  • 1

    这是一种方法:

    mkdir -p `dirname /path/to/copy/file/to/is/very/deep/there` \
       && cp -r file /path/to/copy/file/to/is/very/deep/there
    

    dirname 将为您提供目标目录或文件的父级 . 然后mkdir -pdirname ...将创建该目录,确保在调用cp -r时,正确的基本目录就位 .

    这种过度父母的优点是它适用于目标路径中的最后一个元素是文件名的情况 .

    它将适用于OS X.

  • 2

    install -D file -m 644 -t /path/to/copy/file/to/is/very/deep/there

  • 5

    我尊重上面的答案,我更喜欢使用rsync如下:

    $  rsync -a directory_name /path_where_to_inject_your_directory/
    

    例:

    $ rsync -a test /usr/local/lib/
    
  • 0

    只需在.bashrc中添加以下内容,根据需要进行调整 . 适用于Ubuntu .

    mkcp() {
        test -d "$2" || mkdir -p "$2"
        cp -r "$1" "$2"
    }
    

    例如,如果要将'test'文件复制到目标目录'd'使用,

    mkcp test a/b/c/d
    

    mkcp 将首先检查目标目录是否存在,如果不存在则将其复制并复制源文件/目录 .

  • -1

    这样做为了我

    cp -vaR ./from ./to
    
  • 1

    cp 有多种用法:

    $ cp --help
    Usage: cp [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST
      or:  cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY
      or:  cp [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE...
    Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.
    

    @AndyRoss的答案适用于

    cp SOURCE DEST
    

    cp 的样式,但如果你使用的话,那就错了

    cp SOURCE... DIRECTORY/
    

    cp 的风格 .

    我认为"DEST"是不明确的,在这种用法中没有尾随斜杠(即目标目录尚不存在的地方),这也许是 cp 从未为此添加过选项的原因 .

    所以这是我的这个函数的版本,它在dest目录上强制执行尾部斜杠:

    cp-p() {
      last=${@: -1}
    
      if [[ $# -ge 2 && "$last" == */ ]] ; then
        # cp SOURCE... DEST/
        mkdir -p "$last" && cp "$@"
      else
        echo "cp-p: (copy, creating parent dirs)"
        echo "cp-p: Usage: cp-p SOURCE... DEST/"
      fi
    }
    
  • 6

    只需恢复并提供一个完整的工作解决方案,在一行 . 如果要重命名文件,请注意,应该提供一种方法来为mkdir提供干净的dir路径 . $ fdst可以是文件或目录 . 下一个代码应该适用于任何情况 .

    fsrc=/tmp/myfile.unk
    fdst=/tmp/dir1/dir2/dir3/myfile.txt
    mkdir -p $(dirname ${fdst}) && cp -p ${fsrc} ${fdst}
    

    或特定的bash

    fsrc=/tmp/myfile.unk
    fdst=/tmp/dir1/dir2/dir3/myfile.txt
    mkdir -p ${fdst%/*} && cp -p ${fsrc} ${fdst}
    
  • 0
    rsync file /path/to/copy/file/to/is/very/deep/there
    

    如果你有合适的 rsync ,这可能会有用 .

  • 1

    从源复制到非现有路径

    mkdir –p /destination && cp –r /source/ $_
    

    注意:此命令复制所有文件

    cp –r 用于复制所有文件夹及其内容

    $_ 作为最后一个命令中创建的目标

  • 207

    我为cp编写了一个支持脚本,称为CP(注意大写字母),它的目的就是这样做 . 脚本将检查您放入的路径中的错误(除了作为目标的最后一个路径),如果一切正常,它将执行mkdir -p步骤以在开始复制之前创建目标路径 . 此时,常规cp实用程序将接管您使用CP的任何开关(如-r,-p,-rpL直接通过管道传输到cp) . 在使用我的脚本之前,您需要了解一些事项 .

    • 这里的所有信息都可以通过CP --help来访问 . CP --help-all包含's cp' s开关 .

    • 常规cp赢了't do the copy if it doesn' t找到目标路径 . 你不会创建目的地,所以如果你把你的目的地拼错为/ usrr / share / icons或/ usr / share / icon,那么将创建's what' .

    • 常规cp倾向于模拟它's behavior on the existing path: cp /a/b /c/d will vary on whether d exists or not. if d is an existing folder, cp will copy b into it, making /c/d/b. If d doesn't存在,b将被复制到c并重命名为d . 如果d存在但是文件而b是文件,则它将被b 's copy. If c doesn' t覆盖,cp不执行复制并退出 .

    CP没有从现有路径中获取线索的奢侈,因此它必须具有一些非常坚定的行为模式 . CP假定您正在复制的项目被放置在目标路径中,而不是目标本身(也就是源文件/文件夹的重命名副本) . 含义:

    如果d是文件夹,

    • "CP /a/b /c/d"将导致/ c / d / b
      如果/ c / b中的b是文件夹,

    • "CP /a/b /c/b"将导致/ c / b / b .

    • 如果b和d都是文件:CP / a / b / c / d将导致/ c / d(其中d是b的副本) . CP / a / b / c / b在同样情况下也是如此 .

    可以使用“--rename”开关更改此默认CP行为 . 在这种情况下,假设

    • "CP --rename /a/b /c/d"正在将b复制到/ c并将副本重命名为d .

    一些结束注释:与cp一样,CP可以一次复制多个项目,并且列出的最后一个路径被假定为目标 . 只要使用引号,它也可以处理带空格的路径 .

    CP将检查您输入的路径,并确保它们在执行复制之前存在 . 在严格模式下(通过--strict开关可用),所有要复制的文件/文件夹必须存在或不进行复制 . 在放松模式( - 放松)下,如果您列出的项目中至少有一个存在,则复制将继续 . 轻松模式是默认模式,您可以通过开关临时更改模式,也可以通过在脚本开头设置变量easy_going来永久更改模式 .

    Here's how to install it:

    在非root终端中,执行:

    sudo echo > /usr/bin/CP; sudo chmod +x /usr/bin/CP; sudo touch /usr/bin/CP
    gedit admin:///usr/bin/CP
    

    在gedit中,粘贴CP实用程序并保存:

    #!/bin/bash
    #Regular cp works with the assumption that the destination path exists and if it doesn't, it will verify that it's parent directory does.
    
    #eg: cp /a/b /c/d will give /c/d/b if folder path /c/d already exists but will give /c/d (where d is renamed copy of b) if /c/d doesn't exists but /c does.
    
    #CP works differently, provided that d in /c/d isn't an existing file, it assumes that you're copying item into a folder path called /c/d and will create it if it doesn't exist. so CP /a/b /c/d will always give /c/d/b unless d is an existing file. If you put the --rename switch, it will assume that you're copying into /c and renaming the singl item you're copying from b to d at the destination. Again, if /c doesn't exist, it will be created. So CP --rename /a/b /c/d will give a /c/d and if there already a folder called /c/d, contents of b will be merged into d. 
    
    #cp+ $source $destination
    #mkdir -p /foo/bar && cp myfile "$_"
    
    err=0 # error count
    i=0 #item counter, doesn't include destination (starts at 1, ex. item1, item2 etc)
    m=0 #cp switch counter (starts at 1, switch 1, switch2, etc)
    n=1 # argument counter (aka the arguments inputed into script, those include both switches and items, aka: $1 $2 $3 $4 $5)
    count_s=0
    count_i=0
    easy_going=true #determines how you deal with bad pathes in your copy, true will allow copy to continue provided one of the items being copied exists, false will exit script for one bad path. this setting can also be changed via the custom switches: --strict and --not-strict
    verbal="-v"
    
    
      help="===============================================================================\
        \n         CREATIVE COPY SCRIPT (CP) -- written by thebunnyrules\
        \n===============================================================================\n
        \n This script (CP, note capital letters) is intended to supplement \
        \n your system's regular cp command (note uncapped letters). \n
        \n Script's function is to check if the destination path exists \
        \n before starting the copy. If it doesn't it will be created.\n    
        \n To make this happen, CP assumes that the item you're copying is \
        \n being dropped in the destination path and is not the destination\
        \n itself (aka, a renamed copy of the source file/folder). Meaning:\n 
        \n * \"CP /a/b /c/d\" will result in /c/d/b \
        \n * even if you write \"CP /a/b /c/b\", CP will create the path /a/b, \
        \n   resulting in /c/b/b. \n
        \n Of course, if /c/b or /c/d are existing files and /a/b is also a\
        \n file, the existing destination file will simply be overwritten. \
        \n This behavior can be changed with the \"--rename\" switch. In this\
        \n case, it's assumed that \"CP --rename /a/b /c/d\" is copying b into /c  \
        \n and renaming the copy to d.\n
        \n===============================================================================\
        \n        CP specific help: Switches and their Usages \
        \n===============================================================================\n
        \
        \n  --rename\tSee above. Ignored if copying more than one item. \n
        \n  --quiet\tCP is verbose by default. This quiets it.\n
        \n  --strict\tIf one+ of your files was not found, CP exits if\
        \n\t\tyou use --rename switch with multiple items, CP \
        \n\t\texits.\n
        \n  --relaxed\tIgnores bad paths unless they're all bad but warns\
        \n\t\tyou about them. Ignores in-appropriate rename switch\
        \n\t\twithout exiting. This is default behavior. You can \
        \n\t\tmake strict the default behavior by editing the \
        \n\t\tCP script and setting: \n
        \n\t\teasy_going=false.\n
        \n  --help-all\tShows help specific to cp (in addition to CP)."
    
    cp_hlp="\n\nRegular cp command's switches will still work when using CP.\
        \nHere is the help out of the original cp command... \
        \n\n===============================================================================\
        \n          cp specific help: \
        \n===============================================================================\n"
    
    outro1="\n******************************************************************************\
        \n******************************************************************************\
        \n******************************************************************************\
        \n        USE THIS SCRIPT WITH CARE, TYPOS WILL GIVE YOU PROBLEMS...\
        \n******************************************************************************\
        \n******************************* HIT q TO EXIT ********************************\
        \n******************************************************************************"
    
    
    #count and classify arguments that were inputed into script, output help message if needed
    while true; do
        eval input="\$$n"
        in_=${input::1}
    
        if [ -z "$input" -a $n = 1 ]; then input="--help"; fi 
    
        if [ "$input" = "-h" -o "$input" = "--help" -o "$input" = "-?" -o "$input" = "--help-all" ]; then
            if [ "$input" = "--help-all" ]; then 
                echo -e "$help"$cp_hlp > /tmp/cp.hlp 
                cp --help >> /tmp/cp.hlp
                echo -e "$outro1" >> /tmp/cp.hlp
                cat /tmp/cp.hlp|less
                cat /tmp/cp.hlp
                rm /tmp/cp.hlp
            else
                echo -e "$help" "$outro1"|less
                echo -e "$help" "$outro1"
            fi
            exit
        fi
    
        if [ -z "$input" ]; then
            count_i=$(expr $count_i - 1 ) # remember, last item is destination and it's not included in cound
            break 
        elif [ "$in_" = "-" ]; then
            count_s=$(expr $count_s + 1 )
        else
            count_i=$(expr $count_i + 1 )
        fi
        n=$(expr $n + 1)
    done
    
    #error condition: no items to copy or no destination
        if [ $count_i -lt 0 ]; then 
                echo "Error: You haven't listed any items for copying. Exiting." # you didn't put any items for copying
        elif [ $count_i -lt 1 ]; then
                echo "Error: Copying usually involves a destination. Exiting." # you put one item and no destination
        fi
    
    #reset the counter and grab content of arguments, aka: switches and item paths
    n=1
    while true; do
            eval input="\$$n" #input=$1,$2,$3,etc...
            in_=${input::1} #first letter of $input
    
            if [ "$in_" = "-" ]; then
                if [ "$input" = "--rename" ]; then 
                    rename=true #my custom switches
                elif [ "$input" = "--strict" ]; then 
                    easy_going=false #exit script if even one of the non-destinations item is not found
                elif [ "$input" = "--relaxed" ]; then 
                    easy_going=true #continue script if at least one of the non-destination items is found
                elif [ "$input" = "--quiet" ]; then 
                    verbal=""
                else
                    #m=$(expr $m + 1);eval switch$m="$input" #input is a switch, if it's not one of the above, assume it belongs to cp.
                    switch_list="$switch_list \"$input\""
                fi                                  
            elif ! [ -z "$input" ]; then #if it's not a switch and input is not empty, it's a path
                    i=$(expr $i + 1)
                    if [ ! -f "$input" -a ! -d "$input" -a "$i" -le "$count_i" ]; then 
                        err=$(expr $err + 1 ); error_list="$error_list\npath does not exit: \"b\""
                    else
                        if [ "$i" -le "$count_i" ]; then 
                            eval item$i="$input" 
                            item_list="$item_list \"$input\""
                        else
                            destination="$input" #destination is last items entered
                        fi
                    fi
            else
                i=0
                m=0
                n=1                     
                break
            fi      
            n=$(expr $n + 1)
    done
    
    #error condition: some or all item(s) being copied don't exist. easy_going: continue if at least one item exists, warn about rest, not easy_going: exit.
    #echo "err=$err count_i=$count_i"
    if [ "$easy_going" != true -a $err -gt 0 -a $err != $count_i ]; then 
        echo "Some of the paths you entered are incorrect. Script is running in strict mode and will therefore exit."
        echo -e "Bad Paths: $err $error_list"
        exit
    fi
    
    if [ $err = $count_i ]; then
        echo "ALL THE PATHS you have entered are incorrect! Exiting."
        echo -e "Bad Paths: $err $error_list"
    fi
    
    #one item to one destination:
    #------------------------------
    #assumes that destination is folder, it does't exist, it will create it. (so copying /a/b/c/d/firefox to /e/f/firefox will result in /e/f/firefox/firefox
    #if -rename switch is given, will assume that the top element of destination path is the new name for the the item being given.
    
    #multi-item to single destination:
    #------------------------------
    #assumes destination is a folder, gives error if it exists and it's a file. -rename switch will be ignored.
    
    #ERROR CONDITIONS: 
    # - multiple items being sent to a destination and it's a file.
    # - if -rename switch was given and multiple items are being copied, rename switch will be ignored (easy_going). if not easy_going, exit.
    # - rename option but source is folder, destination is file, exit.
    # - rename option but source is file and destination is folder. easy_going: option ignored.
    
    if [ -f "$destination" ]; then
        if [ $count_i -gt 1 ]; then 
            echo "Error: You've selected a single file as a destination and are copying multiple items to it. Exiting."; exit
        elif [ -d "$item1" ]; then
            echo "Error: Your destination is a file but your source is a folder. Exiting."; exit
        fi
    fi
    if [ "$rename" = true ]; then
        if [ $count_i -gt 1 ]; then
            if [ $easy_going = true ]; then
                echo "Warning: you choose the rename option but are copying multiple items. Ignoring Rename option. Continuing."
            else
                echo "Error: you choose the rename option but are copying multiple items. Script running in strict mode. Exiting."; exit
            fi
        elif [ -d "$destination" -a -f "$item1" ]; then
            echo -n "Warning: you choose the rename option but source is a file and destination is a folder with the same name. "
            if [ $easy_going = true ]; then
                echo "Ignoring Rename option. Continuing."
            else
                echo "Script running in strict mode. Exiting."; exit
            fi
        else
            dest_jr=$(dirname "$destination")
            if [ -d "$destination" ]; then item_list="$item1/*";fi
            mkdir -p "$dest_jr"
        fi
    else
        mkdir -p "$destination"
    fi
    
    eval cp $switch_list $verbal $item_list "$destination"
    
    cp_err="$?"
    if [ "$cp_err" != 0 ]; then 
        echo -e "Something went wrong with the copy operation. \nExit Status: $cp_err"
    else 
        echo "Copy operation exited with no errors."
    fi
    
    exit
    
  • 15

    假设您正在做类似的事情

    cp file1.txt A / B / C / D / file.txt

    其中A / B / C / D是目前尚不存在的目录

    可能的解决方案如下

    DIR=$(dirname A/B/C/D/file.txt)
    # DIR= "A/B/C/D"
    mkdir -p $DIR
    cp file1.txt A/B/C/D/file.txt
    

    希望有所帮助!

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