对于foolbox，请参阅here .
我是tensorflow的新手，根据this video和this video建议，我使用 tf.keras 进行原型设计和»玩“机器学习模型，特别是神经网络 . 考虑这个MWE（ lenet5.h5 是HDF5文件格式的卷积神经网络，由tf.keras构建和训练）：
import numpy as np
import foolbox
import keras
import tensorflow as tf
#network = keras.models.load_model('lenet5.h5')
network = tf.keras.models.load_model('lenet5.h5')
with np.load('data/dataset/mnist_32x32x1.npz') as data:
x_test = data['testing_x']
foolbox_model = foolbox.models.KerasModel(
model = network,
bounds = (0.0, 1.0),
)
criterion = foolbox.criteria.Misclassification()
attack = foolbox.attacks.GradientAttack(foolbox_model, criterion)
image = x_test[0]
adversarial = attack(image, label = 7)
print(np.argmax(network.predict(adversarial.reshape(1, 32, 32, 1)), axis = 1))
如果我在第一行 network = ... 注释并注释掉第二行，则上述脚本的结果为
> [3]
而在当前状态下，会发生以下异常：
.../.env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/h5py/__init__.py:36: FutureWarning: Conversion of the second argument of issubdtype from `float` to `np.floating` is deprecated. In future, it will be treated as `np.float64== np.dtype(float).type`.
from ._conv import register_converters as _register_converters
Using TensorFlow backend.
2018-06-19 23:36:34.601249: I tensorflow/core/platform/cpu_feature_guard.cc:140] Your CPU supports instructions that this TensorFlow binary was not compiled to use: AVX2 FMA
Traceback (most recent call last):
File ".../.env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/tensorflow/python/client/session.py", line 1322, in _do_call
return fn(*args)
File ".../.env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/tensorflow/python/client/session.py", line 1307, in _run_fn
options, feed_dict, fetch_list, target_list, run_metadata)
File ".../.env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/tensorflow/python/client/session.py", line 1409, in _call_tf_sessionrun
run_metadata)
tensorflow.python.framework.errors_impl.FailedPreconditionError: Attempting to use uninitialized value C1/bias
[[Node: C1/bias/read = Identity[T=DT_FLOAT, _device="/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:CPU:0"](C1/bias)]]
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "main.py", line 19, in <module>
adversarial = attack(image, label = 7)
File ".../.env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/foolbox/attacks/base.py", line 88, in wrapper
a = Adversarial(model, criterion, input_or_adv, label)
File ".../.env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/foolbox/adversarial.py", line61, in __init__
self.predictions(original_image)
File ".../.env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/foolbox/adversarial.py", line240, in predictions
predictions = self.__model.predictions(image)
File ".../.env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/foolbox/models/base.py", line122, in predictions
return np.squeeze(self.batch_predictions(image[np.newaxis]), axis=0)
File ".../.env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/foolbox/models/keras.py", line 147, in batch_predictions
predictions = self._batch_pred_fn([self._process_input(images)])
File ".../.env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/keras/backend/tensorflow_backend.py", line 2482, in __call__
**self.session_kwargs)
File ".../.env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/tensorflow/python/client/session.py", line 900, in run
run_metadata_ptr)
File ".../.env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/tensorflow/python/client/session.py", line 1135, in _run
feed_dict_tensor, options, run_metadata)
File ".../.env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/tensorflow/python/client/session.py", line 1316, in _do_run
run_metadata)
File ".../.env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/tensorflow/python/client/session.py", line 1335, in _do_call
raise type(e)(node_def, op, message)
tensorflow.python.framework.errors_impl.FailedPreconditionError: Attempting to use uninitialized value C1/bias
[[Node: C1/bias/read = Identity[T=DT_FLOAT, _device="/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:CPU:0"](C1/bias)]]
Caused by op 'C1/bias/read', defined at:
File "main.py", line 9, in <module>
network = tf.keras.models.load_model('lenet5.h5')
File ".../.env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/tensorflow/python/keras/_impl/keras/engine/saving.py", line 241, in load_model
model = model_from_config(model_config, custom_objects=custom_objects)
File ".../.env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/tensorflow/python/keras/_impl/keras/engine/saving.py", line 318, in model_from_config
return deserialize(config, custom_objects=custom_objects)
File ".../.env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/tensorflow/python/keras/_impl/keras/layers/serialization.py", line 63, in deserialize
printable_module_name='layer')
File ".../.env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/tensorflow/python/keras/_impl/keras/utils/generic_utils.py", line 171, in deserialize_keras_object
list(custom_objects.items())))
File ".../.env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/tensorflow/python/keras/_impl/keras/engine/sequential.py", line 317, in from_config
model.add(layer)
File ".../.env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/tensorflow/python/keras/_impl/keras/engine/sequential.py", line 164, in add
layer(x)
File ".../.env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/tensorflow/python/keras/_impl/keras/engine/base_layer.py", line 314, in __call__
output = super(Layer, self).__call__(inputs, *args, **kwargs)
File ".../.env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/tensorflow/python/layers/base.py", line 699, in __call__
self.build(input_shapes)
File ".../.env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/tensorflow/python/layers/convolutional.py", line 152, in build
dtype=self.dtype)
File ".../.env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/tensorflow/python/layers/base.py", line 546, in add_variable
partitioner=partitioner)
File ".../.env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/tensorflow/python/training/checkpointable.py", line 436, in _add_variable_with_custom_getter
**kwargs_for_getter)
File ".../.env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/tensorflow/python/ops/variable_scope.py", line 1317, in get_variable
constraint=constraint)
File ".../.env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/tensorflow/python/ops/variable_scope.py", line 1079, in get_variable
constraint=constraint)
File ".../.env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/tensorflow/python/ops/variable_scope.py", line 425, in get_variable
constraint=constraint)
File ".../.env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/tensorflow/python/ops/variable_scope.py", line 394, in _true_getter
use_resource=use_resource, constraint=constraint)
File ".../.env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/tensorflow/python/ops/variable_scope.py", line 786, in _get_single_variable
use_resource=use_resource)
File ".../.env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/tensorflow/python/ops/variable_scope.py", line 2220, in variable
use_resource=use_resource)
File ".../.env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/tensorflow/python/ops/variable_scope.py", line 2210, in <lambda>
previous_getter = lambda **kwargs: default_variable_creator(None, **kwargs)
File ".../.env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/tensorflow/python/ops/variable_scope.py", line 2193, in default_variable_creator
constraint=constraint)
File ".../.env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/tensorflow/python/ops/variables.py", line 235, in __init__
constraint=constraint)
File ".../.env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/tensorflow/python/ops/variables.py", line 397, in _init_from_args
self._snapshot = array_ops.identity(self._variable, name="read")
File ".../.env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/tensorflow/python/ops/array_ops.py", line 142, in identity
return gen_array_ops.identity(input, name=name)
File ".../.env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/tensorflow/python/ops/gen_array_ops.py", line 3187, in identity
"Identity", input=input, name=name)
File ".../.env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/tensorflow/python/framework/op_def_library.py", line 787, in _apply_op_helper
op_def=op_def)
File ".../.env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/tensorflow/python/framework/ops.py", line 3392, in create_op
op_def=op_def)
File ".../.env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/tensorflow/python/framework/ops.py", line 1718, in __init__
self._traceback = self._graph._extract_stack() # pylint: disable=protected-access
FailedPreconditionError (see above for traceback): Attempting to use uninitialized value C1/bias
[[Node: C1/bias/read = Identity[T=DT_FLOAT, _device="/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:CPU:0"](C1/bias)]]
（我用»...«替换了我的项目路径，我正在使用位于.env的虚拟环境） .
所以我的问题是：如何使用foolbox和tf.keras？我想避免需要学习（现在）复杂的张量流图结构，因此不能选择使用foolbox的原生tensorflow api . 另外，我想避免为了这个目的而导入常规keras - 我希望在tensorflow内保持干净 .
PS：请创建一个»foolbox«标签 .